How Shall We Then Live? - Lesson Outline

• Day 1 - Preamble
  • Dr. Ravi Zacharias - 0260 - 0317 2 Things philosophy based on
    1. Is there a God
    2. If there is, what is His nature
  • Reviewing expectations
  • Glossary
    and some concepts so when the material does come up, they will be vaguely familiar with them already.
  • Some sort of visual time line of dichotomies to add as we move forward
    • Ancient and Medieval Philosophy
    • Philosopher Timeline graphic
  • Journal for Day 1
• Chapter 1 - Ancient Rome
  • Dr. Ravi Zacharias - 0680 - 1179 Belief system comes to us 3 different ways
    1. High theoretical
    2. Arts
    3. Prescription
  • Socrates supplement
  • Aristotle supplement, 2nd source
  • Plato supplement
    
  • Journal for Day 2
• Chapter 2 - The Middle Ages
  • Dr. Ravi Zacharias - 3210 - 3392 Struggle of person without God - skeptic
    
  • Journal for Day 3
• Chapter 3 - The Renaissance
  • Dr. Ravi Zacharias - 2630 - 3194 Dilemma of pain and death - the search for meaning
  • Thomas Aquinas supplement
  • Humanist Brochure
    
  • Journal for Day 4
• Chapter 4 - The Reformation
  • Dr. Ravi Zacharias - 0260 - 0317 2 Things philosophy based on
    1. Is there a God
    2. If there is, what is His nature
  • Constitution of the United States
  • Bill of Rights
    
  • Journal for Day 5
• Chapter 5 - The Reformation Continued
  • Dr. Ravi Zacharias - Damage of Christianity is spoken of
  • Guilt
  • Slavery Reparation Issue
    • Reparations - Ten Reasons Why Reparations for Blacks is a Bad Idea for Blacks - and Racist Too
    • Reparations - advocate argues for redressing America's 'debt' to blacks
    • Reparations - History of Reparations Payments
    • Reparations - Linking our Past, Present, and Future
    • Reparations - A White Conservative's Biggest Act
  • Ralph Reed - Active Faith (tape)
  • Rev. Martin Luther King - sermon (tape)
  • Pastor Bonhoeffer - The Cost of Freedom
    
  • Journal for Day 6
  • Journal for Day 7
• Chapter 6 - Enlightenment
  • Dr. Ravi Zacharias - Type of Logic - Either / Or or Both Hand
  • Animal Farm
    • Book
    • Video
      
• Chapter 7 - The Rise of Modern Science
  • Dr. Ravi Zacharias - 4320 - 4490 3 tests for any System and 4 questions to ask each test
    1. Logical consistency
    2. Empirical adequacy
    3. ???
    
• Chapter 8 - The Breakdown of Philosophy and Science
  • Dr. Ravi Zacharias - 2110 - 2391 Steve Turner - sarcasm about Immanuel Kant philosophy
    
• Chapter 9 - Modern Philosophy and Modern Theology
  • Dr. Ravi Zacharias - 2410 - 2612 More about Immanuel Kant - Also, our culture shows through, Ethics has to be arrived at without God and without happiness being a goal
    
• Chapter 10 - Modern Arts, Music, Literature, and Films
  • Dr. Ravi Zacharias - 0000 - 0250 Music can dictate a philosophy
  • Dr. Ravi Zacharias - 1350 - 1876 Frederick Nietzsche - logical outworking of an existential leap.
    
• Chapter 11 - Our Society
  • Dr. Ravi Zacharias - 1890 - 2096 Search for Ethics - Collisions of modern theory
    
• Chapter 12 - Manipulation and the New Elite
  • Dr. Ravi Zacharias - 0330 - 0661 Many good minds come to different perspectives
    
• Chapter 13 - The Alternatives
  • Voltaire supplement
    
• Foot prints in Coal Bed supplement
• Dr. Ravi Zacharias - Nietzsche (tape)
  1. Dr. Ravi Zacharias - 2 definitions of Atheism
  2. Dr. Ravi Zacharias - 3410 - 3978 Self Centered of God to give insufficient evidence of Himself - lesson on the use of LOGIC.
  3. Dr. Ravi Zacharias - Pascalian Wager
• Banner of each dichotomy or Philosophy base or special terms
  • Epistemology
  • Existentialist
  • Existential Methodology
  • Humanism
  • Secularism
  • 
  • 
  • 2 Timothy 4:3 For the time will come when men will not put up with sound doctrine. Instead, to suit their own desires, they will gather around them a great number of teachers to say what their itching ears want to hear.
  • 
  • 
  • Religious Liberalism
  • Theological Rationalism
  • Religious Liberalism
  • Theological Existentialism
  • Kierkegaardian Theology
  • Relativism
  • Pessimism
  • Optimism
  • Monolithic Consensus

• Begin by listing to our first sound byte from Dr. Ravi Zacharias.
  • Dr. Ravi Zacharias - 0260 - 0317 2 Things philosophy based on
    1. Is there a God
    2. If there is, what is His nature
• Reviewing expectations
• Glossary
  and some concepts so when the material does come up, they will be vaguely familiar with them already.
  Off Site Glossary
• Some sort of visual time line of dichotomies to add as we move forward
  • Ancient and Medieval Philosophy
  • Philosopher Timeline graphic
• Visual Time line of dichotomies

Period of Naturalism : 550 BC

Ionians : 624 - 524 BC

Interested in the problem of the origin and nature of the universe.

The Eleatic School : 550 BC

The oneness and immutability of reality and the distrust of sense-knowledge which appears to testify to the existence of multiplicity and change.

The Pluralist : 500 - 428

No becoming; Infinite divisibility; Universal mixture; Predominance; Homoiomereity (all like parts)

The Atomists : 460 - 370 BC

Materialistic Naturalism asserts that matter is the only reality, and that all the laws of the universe are reducible to mechanical laws.

The Metaphysical Period

The Sophists : 400 BC

No objective standard of the true and false, that that is true which seems to be true, and that that is false which seems to be false.

Socrates : 470 - 399 BC

Determine the conditions of universally valid moral principles a science of human conduct. Self-knowledge is the starting point,

The only true knowledge is a knowledge by means of concepts. The concept, he said, represents all the reality of a thing.

Plato : 428 - 347 BC

The problem of change.

The objectively real Ideas are the foundation and justification of scientific knowledge.

Left side of the Water Shed Principle

Metaphysical Idealism: The doctrine that nothing exists except ideas or minds; material reality is an illusion. The mind is the sole existing thing.

Aristotle : 384 - 322 BC

The problem of change.

Universal (ideas) in particular things

Right side of the Water Shed Principle

Metaphysical Materialism: The doctrine that nothing exists except matter in motion (material reality). The mind is just a material entity.

The Ethical Period

Stoicism : 336 - 264 BC

Conceived the world as an intelligent teleological system and subordinated man to the universal will.

Epicureanism : 342 - 270 BC

Viewed the world as a machine.

Skepticism : 365 - 275 BC

Turned its attention to what seemed good in all systems, pieced them together, and presented a world view from the materials at hand.

Eclecticism : 350 BC

Turned its attention to what seemed good in all systems, pieced them together, and presented a world view from the materials at hand.

Greek Science : 300 - 200 BC

Scientific world, from medicine to astronomy.

The Religious Period

Attempt to resolve the problem of human life by recourse to religion.

The Judaic Alexandrian School : 30 BC - 50 AD

An attempt to coordinate Oriental religion with Greek speculation.

Reconcile the truths revealed in the Bible with all that had been said by the Greek philosophers.

The Neo-Pythagorean School : 50 BC

The attempt to construct a world religion upon Pythagorean doctrines.

The Neo-Platonic School : 176 - 242 AD

The attempt to make a religious philosophy of Plato's teaching.

St. Augustine : 354 - 430 AD

World was created by God from nothing, through a free act of His will. Time is a being of reason ("rens rationis") with a foundation in things which through becoming offer to the mind the concept of time as past, present, and future.

The Period of Scholastic Philosophy (Middle Ages)

The Dialecticians : 1033 - 1182

Intellect as unable to reason without being enlightened by God

Beginning of Modern Humanism

Renaissance

Rejection of scholastic authority, renewed interest in classical antiquity, and excitement about the prospect of achieving scientific knowledge

Reformation

Modern and Contemporary Philosophy

Empiricism : 1561 ...

Reliance on experience as the source of ideas and knowledge. More specifically, empiricism is the epistemological theory that genuine information about the world must be acquired by a posteriori means, so that nothing can be thought without first being sensed.

Francis Bacon : (1561-1626)

John Locke : (1632-1704)

Isaac Newton : (1642-1727)

David Hume : (1711-1776)

Rationalism : 1538 ...

Rene Descartes : 1596 - 1650

Blaise Pascal : 1623 - 1662

Enlightenment : 1689 ...

Placed great emphasis on the use of reason in the development of philosophical, social, political, and scientific knowledge.

Voltaire : 1694 - 1778

Kantian Criticism : 1724 - 1804 (Immanuel Kant)

... "not a matter of WHETHER we posses such knowledge but HOW"

Impossible to gain knowledge of the world by either reason or sense experience alone

Idealism : 1762 ...

Only mental entities are real, so that physical things exist only in the sense that they are perceived.

Idealism is the philosophical view that the mind or spirit constitutes the fundamental reality

Objective idealism accepts common sense realism (the view that material objects exist) but rejects naturalism (according to which the mind and spiritual values have emerged from material things)

Subjective idealism denies that material objects exist independently of human perception and thus stands opposed to both realism and naturalism

Positivism : 1798 ...

Natural science, based on observation, comprises the whole of human knowledge.

Karl Marx : 1818 - 1883

Utilitarianism : 1748 ...

The doctrine that human individuals live only for the benefit of the state or society, from which all rights are derived.

Jeremy Bentham : 1748 - 1832

James Mill : 1773 - 1836

John Stuart Mill : 1806 - 1873

Friedrich Nietsche : 1844 - 1900

Complete rejection of the existence of human knowledge and values or denial of the possibility of making any useful distinctions among things.

Critical Idealism : 1848 ...

Kant stated that it is not perception that forms reason, but reason that forms perception: knowledge is not gained by perceiving nature immediately, but through the mediation of the consciousness. Therefore human beings are not machines and their personality is not static but dynamic and progressive.

German Psychologism : 1832 ...

Laboratory in the world dedicated to experimental psychology

Wilhelm Wundt : 1832 - 1920

"Father of Experimental Psychology" and the "Founder of Modern Psychology"

American Idealism : 1855 ...

American

Insights into the interplay between fate and freedom in human history.

The New Idealism : 1836 ...

French Revolution era

Lays great stress upon dynamism, voluntarism or action.

Evolutionism : 1809 ...

Charles Darwin : 1809 - 1882

Pragmaticism : 1839 ...

Disagreed with Pragmatism's defiinition of truth and their methods.

Pragmatism : 1842 ...

A doctrine that is a form of naturalism which denies the legitimacy of philosophical problems and methods and claims that science is the only knowledge which is exact and ultimate.

Psychoanalysis : 1856 ...

A method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud. By the methods of free association and dream analysis, the origins of neurotic (cf) disturbances may be elucidated and brought into consciousness.

Sigmund Freud : 1856 - 1939

Neo Positivism : 1882 ...

(logical empiricism, logical neopositivism, logical positivism)

Logical analysis of scientific knowledge.

Existentialism : 1813 ...

Emphasizes the primacy of individual existence over any presumed natural essence for human beings.

Soren Kierkegaard : 1813 - 1855

Analysis of despair and freedom

Intuitionism : 1859 ...

Reliance on unmediated awareness as a criterion of truth. In logic and mathematics, intuitionism denies the independent reality of mathematical objects and the principle of excluded middle. In moral philosophy, intuitionism is the metaethical theory that moral judgments are made by reference to a direct, non-inferential awareness of moral value.

Phenomenology : 1908 ...

Philosophical method restricted to careful analysis of the intellectual processes of which we are introspectively aware, without making any assumptions about their supposed causal connections to existent external objects.

Philosophical Hermeneutics : 1900 ....

How one interprets the actual intended meaning of something.

Neo-Realism : 1838 ...

False -> Principle which states that consciousness constitutes reality.

False -> The statement of Pragmatism which makes man the measure of things.

The Frankfurt School : 1898 ...

Developed the methodology of critical theory.

They tried to exhibit dialectically the contradictions imposed upon modern human beings by varieties of social organization that abuse formal rationality in order to deny power to classes of citizens.

Critical Rationalism : 1902 ...

Firstly, "How do we know what we know, and how can we tell whether it is true or not?".

Secondly, "What is the best way to solve problems".

Objectivism : 1905 ...

Metaphysics: Objective Reality (Nature, to be commanded, must be obeyed.)

Epistemology: Reason (You can’t eat your cake and have it, too.)

Ethics: Self-interest (Man is an end in himself.)

Politics: Capitalism (Give me liberty or give me death.)

Cultural Theory : 1885 ...

Concerned with subjectivity and power--how human subjects are formed and experience their lives in cultural and social space.

Structuralism : 1885 ...

Method of interpreting social phenomena in the context of a system of signs whose significance lies solely in the interrelationships among them.

PostModernism : 1885 ...

Abandonment of Enlightenment confidence in the achievement objective human knowledge through reliance upon reason in pursuit of foundationalism, essentialism, and realism. In philosophy, postmodernists typically express grave doubt about the possibility of universal objective truth, reject artificially sharp dichotomies, and delight in the inherent irony and particularity of language and life.

Deconstructionism : 1885 ...

Interpretive method that denies the priority or privilege of any single reading of a text (even if guided by the intentions of its author) and tries to show that the text is incoherent because its own key terms can be understood only in relation to their suppressed opposites.

Scientism :

The doctrine that nothing exists except that which can be measured by the instruments of science. Reality = the material universe.

Politicism :

The dogma that all human problems are political in nature and the solution must be a political one. Public polls determine truth and morality.

The Revival of Classical Realism : 1882 ...

• Not because they worshiped Jesus (there were other religions untouched)
• They worshipped an infinite - personal God ONLY, not Caesar
• Christians held to a higher power which was a standard to judge the state.
• Value system with true / False, and Absolutes.
  
• Assume author is factual?
• Is this fact or is this inference ?
• What are the facts?
  
• Why are Christians persecuted today ?
  
  • Where?
    
• Why are Christians not persecuted today ?
  
  • Where ?

• Example of Commander Maurice - martyr
  
• How do we handle our material possessions?
  
• What sort of life study ?
  
• Can we have something if someone else does not ?
  
• Open handed generosity a Christian Characteristic ?
  
  • Is there value to "corporate" charity ?
    
  • How does this compare with "personal" charity ?
    
  • How does delegated charity ?
    • Minister
    • Deacon
      
  • What happens on a personal level with corporate vs personal charity ?
    
  • What happens on recipient level with corporate vs personal charity ?

• Is there an issue with what music we listen to?
  
• Is there a difference on distinction with different types of music ?
  
• Does all music have to edify ?

• Teacher's Note: Whatever you resolved - hold that idea (until later when we see more about how the arts and music can shape philosophy).

• What is a fair life style for a family to have ?
  
• If you can define "fair" then
  
  • What do we do about sub fair?
    
  • What do we do about better than ?

• Called Dark Ages because Humanistic thought is born. Pre-Humanist must be Dark and Hopeless.
  
• My view - Dark Ages BEGINS with Birth of Humanism.
  
• Study of Humanism
  
  • Man is the center of all things
    
    • True or False?
      
• Thomas Aquinas - 1225 - 1274
  
• Everything is a particular

• Grace, the Higher; God the Creator; heaven and heavenly things; the unseen and its influence on the earth; Unity, or universals or absolutes which give existence and moral meanings.
  
• Nature the lower; the created; earth and earthly things, the visible and what normally is the cause - and - effect universe, what man as man does is the earth; diversity, or individual thinks, the particulars, or the individual acts of man.
  
• Grace view -> Nature has no importance, or is only important if "Grace" gives it such.
  
• Nature view -> no universals or absolutes. No meaning or importance to particulars except what we ourselves give it.
  
  • Is that possible?
    
  • Can we set an absolute value on any particular?

• Secularism in the Church caused 2 reactions
  
  • Reformation - page 79
  • Renaissance - page 57
    
• Both are reactions to the deal of secularism
  
• 1st, What is Secularism?
  • Secularism refers to the system of separation between politics and religion, restricting religion only to private acts
  • Secularism is the principle that there exist no gods or purely spiritual entities.
  • Taking god out of religion.
  • ie.
    • A church meets to pursue some political or social function with nary a mention of god.
    • Bingo night ?
    • A church which is strongly supportive of a political party rather than issue related derived from much prayer and looking for God's guidance.
      
• How does secularism differ from Humanism?
  • Secularism is the process which removes god from religion and ends up with Humanism.
    • My opinion is strongly that Humanism IS a religion in its own right.

• Value System says man is his own measure.
• Man is autonomous, totally independent

• Humanist says - Starting with myself, I can cure any problem given enough time.
  • What does this result in?
    • Negativism, since time passed and there were no answers forthcoming

• John Wycliffe (1320 - 1384)
  
  • Bible Supreme Authority
  • The Bible and Bible ONLY - not Church "practice"

• Nailed 95 Thesis to the Church door in Wittenborg on October 31, 1517
• Discuss this quote from Martin Luther.
  • "I am much afraid that schools will prove to be the great gates of hell unless they diligently labor in explaining the Holy Scriptures, engraving them in the hearts of the youth. I advise no one to place his child where the Scriptures do not reign paramount. Every institution in which men are not increasingly occupied with the Word of God must become corrupt."
  
  
  • (Leonardo Da Vinci 1452 - 1519)
  • (John Calvin 1509 - 1564)

• Reformation took a critical attitude towards Christianity, traditions, and Church
  
• Reformation rejected the autonomy of human reason, which says thought ( the mind ) is infinite, with all knowledge within its realm.
• He was forced to hide in Wartburg Castle for 8 months. He used the time well, translating the entire New Testament into German

1. The Church is an equal to the Bible

2. Human works were required for salvation

• What are they?
  • Examples
    • Going to Church
    • Fasting
    • Avoiding certain sins, lifestyle
    • Doing certain things
      

3. After Thomas Aquinas - Pagan thought and content added to Christianity.

• Example.
  • Michelangelo's painting in Sistine Chapel gave equal prominence and billing to the Prophet Jeremiah (Bible) and Prophetess Delphi (pagan).

• Meanings
• Values
• Absolute
  
• Truths about men and nature
  • not all truths, but Truths
    
• Gives meanings to all particulars

• Sometimes even the donor destroyed their own donated art because it was misused.
  
• Worship was to be God only

• Top of page 95 - Papacy ... heavy burdens of human laws.
  
  • What does this sound like?
    
  • How does this happen?
    
  • Does it happen often?
    
  • How long does it take?
    
  • Who originates these "Burdens"?
    
  • Is there malicious or benign intent?

• South - Renaissance,
  
  • Freedom was license to do anything
  • Shedding of morality
  • Shedding of inhibitions
    
• North - Reformation
  
  • Freedom, but with moral compass
  • Absolute Values
    
• Question:
  
  • Are more laws needed to combat the crime and moral decay seen in this country?
    
  • Do we first have to determine what role laws play in society?

• A generalized assertion to begin with.

• God's Laws -> Man's Laws
  
• Legal Base

• "inherent unalienable rights"
  
  
  • Where do those "inherent unalienable rights" come from?
  • What makes them unalienable?
  • What can that possibly mean?
• 
  

  [In a free government, the security for civil rights must be the same as that for religious rights. It consists in the one case in the multiplicity of interests, and in the other, in the multiplicity of sects. The degree of security in both cases will depend on the number of interests and sects; and this may be presumed to depend on the extent of country and number of people comprehended under the same government.
     by Martin E. Marty]

  • So does religion get equal treatment in the United States?
    
    
• Article 1
  • Section 2
    • The number of Representatives shall not exceed 1 for every thirty thousand.
  • Section 3
    • The Vice President of the United States shall be the President of the Senate......
  • Section 4
    • The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.
    • The Congress shall assemble at least once every year....
  • Section 6
    • ... They (Senators and Representatives) shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.
  • Section 7
    • .... (Sundays excepted)...
      • [Why not weekends or Saturdays or Holidays?]
  • Section 8
    • ... but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.
    • To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court.
    • To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or office thereof.
  
  
  
• Article II
  • Section 1
    • Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress......
    • The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of who one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted fro, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the Senates and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the fine highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the president. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote;A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or member from two thirds of the states , and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President.
      • [This is revisited by Amendment XX. Basic change is the elector shall vote for a President and, separately, vote for the Vice President. In the above scenario, G.W. Bush could have been President and Al Gore the Vice President. I believe this would have made for a very unhappy White House. Maybe?]
  
  
  
• Article IV
  • Section 4
    • The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government....
  
  
  
• Article VI
  • The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several states legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both for the Untied States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution, but no religious test shall be ever required as a qualification to any office of public trust under the United States.
  
  
  
• Bill of Rights
  • Amendment I
    • Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speed , or for the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
  • Amendment II
    • A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.
  • Amendment VIII
    • Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
  • Amendment IX
    • The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
  • Amendment X
    • The powers not delegated to the Untied States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it in the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
• 
  
  
• Additional Amendments
  • Amendment XIV
    • Section 2
      • [This effectively cut the representation in the House of Representatives down considerably for a while.]
    • Section 3
      • [This effectively kept most Southerners from holding public office after the Civil War which opened the door for "Carpet Baggers".]
  • Amendment XVII
    • [Formerly, the Senators could be elected by the state legislature, if the state legislature chose to do so. Now all US Senators were to be elected by popular state vote.]
  • Amendment XVIII
    • [Allowing alcohol is a cultural value converted into a Constitutional Amendment.]

• Is it possible for a humanistic society to have inalienable right?
  
• Inalienable rights are rights which are based upon the Law of God. and Transcend Man's Laws.
  
• Identify some inalienable rights
  
  • Are they really inalienable?
    
  • Or Mans

• Grew up with Christian influence but was hostile
  
• Stressed inalienable rights
  
  • government by consent
  • separation of powers
  • right of revolution
    
• Rejected ALL but Empirical
  
  • That is, if you can experience it, then it is real
  • Only the particulars, if you remember that.
    
• Inalienable means it is either innate or not based upon experience
  
  • Certain instincts are innate
    
• His reasoning wasn't so good, was it?
• He came to conclusions based upon evidence he had rejected as admissible.

• Liberal, MO. near St. Louis, early 1900s experiment.
  [The town is Liberal, Missouri. This was a town which a leading atheist, George H. Walser, was able to convince to exclude religion from its midst. No church could exist within the city, and religious people were encouraged not to live in the community. What happened was that crime and immorality became so rampant that the city failed and finally asked churches to come in and establish a religious base for the moral and legal system of the town.]
  
  • Caveat
  • I have heard of this story years ago and its been repeated a few times. Attempts to find information on has produced only this
    • [A newspaper in Liberal is distributing two books which record the history of this town. They are:
      The Strange Town of Liberal Missouri $8.40
      The Story of Liberal Missouri by O.E. Harmon $6.40
      These prices include shipping/handling charges, and they can be ordered by sending your check to:
      The Liberal News, P.O. Box 6, Liberal, Missouri 64762]
    • [George H. Walser and Liberal Missouri by Boyce Houton
      This book might be available through:
      College Press, P.O. Box 1132, Joplin, MO 64802]
  • I have some concern this could be an urban legend, books not withstanding.
    

• Niccolo Machiavelli ( 1469 - 1527 )
  • wrote " The Prince "
    
• Handbook for Benito Mussolini (1883 - 1945 )
• Adolf Hitler ( 1889 - 1954 )
  
  • Embraced economic and political elitist
    
• Meaning?

Discuss Guilt - Each student should have a paper written on this.

• Students to write down everything they know and think may be true about GUILT.
• What is it?
• What does it do?
• Let's look at the different persectives.
  • Individual
  • Christian Individual
  • Humanistic or Agnostic Individual
  • New Age or Eastern Individual
  • Within Families
  • Within Society
• Does it create or motivate certain behavior?
• Does it impede certain behavior?
• Is Guilt something you can get your hands on?
• Can anyone use Guilt as a tool?
• Can any group use Guilt as a tool?
• What has Guilt to do with Philosophy?
  • How does your idea of guilt lead into your Philosophy?
  • How does your Philosophy help mold your idea of guilt?
• Does everyone have the same opinion about guilt as you have?
  • If NOT, then
    • What are some of the other views?
    • Why are these other views wrong (and your right)?
    • Do these wrong views on guilt have any consequences?
      • What are those wrong view consequences?
  • If YES, then
    • Answer same questions as if you had answered "NOT", because not everyone agrees with you even if you claim they do.

• An apology.
  
• At no other point in history does the author make a case where WE are participants in history's woes.
  
• Our personal views and experiences influence our conclusions
  
  • i.e. John Locke
    
• In rush to apologize we almost overlook that slavery continues today in the 21st century in Moslem countries.
  
• Also, the definition of slave comes from Aristotle and not the Bible.
  • "Slave is a living tool"
    
• Before Christ and for 1,700 years we've had injustice. Now, suddenly, Christianity is responsible for the sin of omission for not having cleaved to God's word forcefully enough to rid the world of Slavery and Economic injustice.
  
• PC stuff, the whole lot of it.
  
  • Notice how the "framers of the debate" set how we are each are going to respond.

• " . . . the greatest happiness for the greatest number."

• A little late, but we "apologetically" and with shuffling feet, admit Christianity is not wholly at fault for slavery.

• Wilberforce the Christian, credited with ending Slavery in England

• No slave owner could be member.

• Which 2 countries are subject of Enlightenment?
  
  • England
  • France
    
• What huge change hit countries in Enlightenment?
  
  • one word...
    • Revolution
      
• What was most notable characteristic of England's Revolution?
  
  • Bloodless Revolution
    
• What was most notable characteristic of French Revolution?
  
  • Bloody and ended up as authoritarian
  • "Reign of Terror"
    
• What was Philosophy base behind Revolution?
  
  • England
    • Reformation Base
  • France
    • Reason
    • Humanist Base
    • Nature
    • Happiness
    • Progress
    • Liberty
      
• When was English Revolution?
  • 1688
    
• When was the French Revolution?
  • ?
    
• Why were the results so different?

• Expects to move through socialism's on way to Communism on way to Utopian Communism.
  
• Dictatorship by small ruling party
  
• Repression - sometimes bloody
  
• Animal Farm would be good to read about now.
  
• Humanist Philosophy.
  
• Animal Farm video available, but would prefer we read.
  
  • Assign 2 weeks to read Animal Farm with 3 pages of typed "book report" with mostly their thoughts and reactions.
    
  • Intervening week can be optional class day.
    • Those who are bored can skip the "optional" day
    • and the rest can attend and we'll do some catch up and watch the Animal Farm video with popcorn.

• "... And even if we must say with sorrow that all too often Christians were silent when they should have spoken out, especially in the areas of race and the compassionate use of accumulated wealth, the Christians who were silent were inconsistent with their positions."
  
• Now contrast that with the following paragraph.
  
• "... humanism has no final way of saying certain things are right and other things are wrong. For a humanist, the final thing which exists -- that is, the impersonal universe -- is neutral and silent about right and wrong, cruelty and non-cruelty. Humanism has no way to provide absolutes. Thus, as a consistent result of humanism's position, humanism in private morals and political life is left with that which is arbitrary."
  
• Discuss
  
• Ramifications
  
• Possible to have no right or wrong?
  
• How do the differing philosophies determine what is right vs evil?
  
  • Christian
    • God's Word
      
  • Humanist
    • Might makes right
    • Present day polls ?
      • Manipulative ?

• Came along with Renaissance and Reformation
  
• Copernicus ( 1475 - 1543 )
  
• Vesalius ( 1514 -1564 )
  
• Early science based upon what?
  
  • Authority
  • Logic
    
• What does that mean?
  
• Ramifications?
  
• Roger Bacon ( 1214 - 1294 )
  
• Robert Grossetteste ( 1175 - 1253 )
  
• Was there a philosophy behind early science ?
  
• Is there a philosophy behind modern science ?
  
• Does philosophy influence science ?

• Their discoveries clashed with Church doctrine

• Galileo claimed Aristotle was wrong.

• What about Aristotle?

• The Church had adopted Aristotle's positions
  • ( He was a Greek Philosopher, pre-Jesus, into their doctrine )

• Do you think they are unrelated?

• Is it possible we were "led" to this conclusion which makes the disclaimer non genuine and convenient?

• Can you describe science which acts independent of any philosophy?

• Can Christianity be the father of Modern Science?

• Because people believed a reasonable God created the world, they expected to find something true about nature.

• Lawyer
• Essayist
• Lord Chancellor of England

• Fought battle against scholasticism.

• What is a scholasticism?

• What is it?
  
  • Theory of knowledge
    
    • How we know
      
    • How we know we know

• Modern Science would not have come about without Christianity!

• The author points out Newton did try to discover WHY.

• Would your philosophy influence your discovery of WHY?

• If there is only one WHY --> then even if one came from God and another from man and another from Buddha, you would get to the same place?

• Most WHY, HOW, are results of Theories

• Most WHY, HOW, begin with a Theory to prove or disprove

• " It was believed that the idea of law in the Universe and with the scientific methods of enquiry to discover truths would never lead to any conclusions in consistent with Biblical history and miraculous religion."

• Reactions?

• Basically --> he seems to be saying man's tools will never be good enough

• Restated --> There are always assumptions

• Not created, leaves us with random happenings
  
  • No order
  • No rules
  • No rational

• Only science was intellectual curiosity.

Christ Based \           / Practical application Technology
              | Science |
 World Based /           \ Intellectual Curiosity

• What is it?

• Does everything fall under this principle?

• Forms

• Without an absolute, particulars have no meaning.

• To have a value, there must be an absolute value to compare against morals.

• Sartre was an exponent of atheistic existentialism

• Sartre's Theory of the Universe:

• Sartre emphatically rejects the idea advanced by Freud that certain mental events have unconscious causes:

• 1) Rationalist

• 2) Accepted Validity of reason

• 3) Optimistic

• From
  
  • Uniformity of Natural Causes in an Open System
  • God and Man were outside Cause and Effect

• To
  
  • Uniformity of Natural Causes in a Closed System

• The mind is a particular, thus, we have no free-will

• Can we determine your reaction to this?

• All Cause and Effect and particulars?

• I LOVE IT!

• High Renaissance humanism grows as man is center of his Universe

• Ends up as man is nothing in a pointless Universe

• Principles of Geology
• No force in the past except those that are active now.
• Problems with that?
• What is science?
• That which can be observed.
• What can we observe in our past?
• Effects?
• Consequences?
• Are we adequately equipped to know what forces Caused an Effect and their Consequences in the past without observation?
• None the less, this is important.
• Restated, we know what has been by what we observe today.
• At best, it is a theory, not a principle
• Disprove by Logic
• Definition (Science is Observed)

• The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle of Life (1859)

• Survival of the Fittest

• What are the objections?

• Mathematics - statistics

• What do they mean by an ongoing increased complexity?

• What raises questions of How and Why?

• What is that?

• Heinrich Himmler ( 1900 - 1945 )

• If people kept alive through medical advances produce weaker next generation.

• Genetic Engineering propagate the fittest

• What is with all the ?

• Rene Descartes ( 1596 - 1650 )

• Humanism ideal failed ( but we still pursue it )

• Optimism that we will eventually know all there is in a Closed System changed to Pessimism

• 18th Century

• 4 Transitional Philosophers

• From High Renaissance
  
  
  leads us to
  
  
  1. --> Everything is machine, including people
  
  2. --> Man stands as Good and corrupted by outside influences

• Freedom from God, authority, culture, restraint, absolute freedom of individual

• How could we know what this absolute freedom is?

• Social Contract ( 1762 )

• Disturbing statement, top of page 156
  • " ... the later education theories of self-expression which are influential in Our Day."
    • Why?
      • Led to Bohemian ideal
      • His thinking was very influential
      • • and my respect for Modern Philosophy just went down a notch
      • Hippie - Bohemian ideal
        • anti standards
        • anti values
        • anti restraints
      • "Natural" = morally good

• He was critical of what?

• Believe in what if not reason?

• Own experience and feelings.

• Know where this goes back to?
  
  Plato --> mind
  Aristotle --> particulars

• So, what is being said is
  
  Mind --> Plato Rousseau
  Matter --> Aristotle Aquinas

• Questions Cause and Effect

• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( 1749 - 1832 )
• Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller ( 1759 - 1805 )
• Gotthold Lessing ( 1729 - 1781 )

Reason - Enlightenment 
        \ 
         \ 
          Emotion

• Since they, in their pride, have killed god, they now attempt to create a complete and perfect set of Laws based upon Natural Law and their pride.

• Author's big problem is nature dishes out cruelty and uncruelty equally.

• Rationalistic --> man is machine --> no freedom

• 2nd Person to help change direction of Philosophy

• 

• Attempted to bring these two worlds together.

• Tried to pull together Reason and Non-Reason

• What concept did Georg father?

• What is gone is relativity reigns ?

• What formula did he come up with ?

• If you are restricted to reason only (Closed System) then you are going to be frustrated.

• Nothing - no thing (personal)
• God - everythingism (personal)
• Pan - everythingism (impersonal)

• Louis Pasteur ( 1822 - 1895 )

• Beginning with man alone, we can find value and meaning to life.

• They defined the closed box a having reason only and then find themselves grabbing for meaning OUTSIDE the Closed Box.

• The Box cannot be both Closed and there be something outside it at the same time.

• Jean-Paul Sartre ( 1905 - 1980 )

• Finally found a way to have "meaning" in life using only Existentialism ?

• He cheated.

• A Vision From God!, or something to that effect.

• Where did he think "meaning" was at?

• How to get there?

• What concept dies about this time

• Religious experiences
• Hinduism
• Buddhism
• holding your breath for 4 minutes
• Then Psychedelic Rock
• Occult
• Poetry
• Art

• Reason separated completely from Non-Reason

• 

• Absolute Opposites

• Humanism elements continue to come into the Church, even to this day

• Removal is during Reformation, Fundamentalism, and now constant vigilance

• In fact, Church shopping is often looking for the Church with just the right combination of Church and Humanism to suit our Secular tastes -----

• Religious Liberalism

• Takes our relationship with Jesus Christ and interprets it through a particular Philosophic view --

• Existentialism, or the particulars, or Non-Reason

• Put another way

• Both Theological Existentialism and Rationalistic Theology begin with a secular world view and philosophy and then strain to interpret god through their model.

• What's the point?

• If their world model is perfect, then what do they need of God?

• Mind only (Rationalism)

• Denies Supernatural

• Wants historic Jesus without Supernatural

• Synthesize (merge) Rationalism of Enlightenment period with Christianity.

• Why be a Theologian if your true god is Rationalism?

• They would rather destroy their relationship with God in order to keep to a particular Philosophic model they were wed to.

• Late 18th Century and beginning of 19th Century.

• This is why the German Christians were ineffective to stop moral decay. They had already decayed from within.

• What Theological dichotomy did he express?

• What is "Higher Critical" view of Bible?

• Theology was part of Non-Reason Dichotomy
• That even with mistakes, the "Word" --> still comes through
  • (Mistaken to believe Bible full of Mistakes unless looking at Catholic Bible)

• Same as philosopher in search for meaning.
• As long as they define the world on one side of the dichotomy, anything outside the box is not available.

• Bible is Non-Reason
  • thus, outside the box
  • Irrelevant
• Truths Irrelevant
• Absolutes Irrelevant

• Of course, we built this box ourselves, but lets pass on that...

• How did we get here?

• Since any meaning found in the Bible has been placed off limits by our Philosophic model, the "words" are just empty words.

• Now, see how easy it is to go the next step and assign NEW meaning to these words, in accordance with our
  • politics,
  • vices, and
  • points of persuasion.

• Big influence on Hitler and Mussolini

• Hitler basically worked out Nietzsche's philosophy in real life - or non-life for money.

• What is it first?

• Everyone agreeing in the same basic dichotomy or philosophic model.

• Claude Monet ( 1840 - 1926 )
• Pierre Auguste Pissarro (1830 - 1903)
• Alfred Sisley (1839 - 1899)
• Edgar Degas (1837 - 1917)

• Art expressed world views such as fragmented reality picture

• Art took on a dreamy look

• Abstract

• Marcel Duchamp (1887 - 1969)

• He realized just about anything could pass for art if it was signed, so he just signed off on stuff and Ta Da!

• Represents a shift in music

• Gustav Mahler (1860 - 1911)

• Death of person, tonality, culture, Pessimism

• Schoenberg (1874 - 1951)

• Invented 12 tone row
• Perpetual variation with no resolution

• Fragmentation in music, but who would listen

• oh, rap.

• We get the fragmented, pessimism through
  • poetry,
  • cinema,
  • novels,
  • drama (The Death of a Salesman)

• His Philosophy is ?

• Positivism

• You see and there it is

• Fallacy

• We don't "just see", but categorize, evaluate, compartmentalize, and set an opinion on it.

• Thus, it is not forthright, but subjective

• Also, separating illusion from reality

• Because the world was created by God

• Man can find out about the Universe by Reason

• If Science is a matter of controlled experiments and observation to disprove or prove a theory

• How can results and Theories be set aside because the scientist dislikes the results?

• Examples?

• Philosophy --> Analysis of Language

• Existentialism Analysis
  • Hangs on the particulars
  • Non-Reason

• Linguistic Analysis
  • Reason based

• Is the picture on 207 reflective of Current Society?

• Are the issues about Education the same as today?

• Is the same pessimism with regard to Life's meaning the same today?

• What contributes to this?
  
• Do these Radical and Destructive Philosophies consider themselves to be Radical and Destructive Philosophies?
  
  • Difference between a short term, selfish view, and looking at the big picture?

• Young people open for anything different

• Professors catering their message to their young audience.
  • Even Professors desire acceptance ??

• Professors and Tenure - An Issue?

• What happens to Professors with Epistemological Base Philosophy?

• Amongst Students
• Amongst Peers
• Amongst Superiors

• What is subversives and terrorist have infiltrated?

• How does Truth and Relativity factor into this?

• Borrowed the concept of the "dignity of man" from Christianity

• Empty words
• No checks and balances

• What philosophy is Communism based?

• Materialism

• What kind of government is Communism?

• Try this?

• Monarchy has a king with counts, dukes, etc to run things
• Communism has party leader with the rest of the party to run things
• Republic has President / Congress / Judiciary with Bureaucrats to run things

• Top Elitist with Elitist party to run things.

• "... a setting of limits as to what one will observe and a refusal to look outside of these boundaries... "

• I've been saying it in terms of a BOX

• Law is King

• What is law based on experience?

• Why the big problem with appointing judges?

• Liberal side:

• Conservative side:

• Why cannot Liberals accept the Conservative Judge?

• Why cannot Conservatives accept Liberal Judges?

• Said another way,

• "Truth is the majority vote of that nation that could lick all others"

• What do you think about polls?

• How should polls be used?

• Where should polls not be used?

• "The only absolute allowed is the absolute insistence that there is no absolute"

• Fails logic test
  A = A
  A != A

• What do you think about that?

• I have seen this in more than one film, read in more than one book.

• I had thought it was "Just science fiction", but now I must wonder if it wasn't expressing a philosophy

• A precursor

• Is that right?
  
  

• Journalist

• Certain Families
  • Kennedy
  • Bush
  • Rockefeller
  • Got there with Old Generations in Politics

• Career Bureaucrats

• Celebrities

• Those who travel in these circles.

• What does the Author believe motivates most people?

• Personal Peace and Affluence

• Today as well?

• How about you?

• Your family?

• Where do you see it manifested?

• School funding analogy

• What do ya think?

• Most bothersome ?

• Hopeful?

• Accurate?

• What does this mean to you?

• How Actionable?

• Walden Two (B. F. Skinner 1904-1990)-> everyone is manipulated so everyone behaves exactly as what?

• As the scientist wants them to.

• How come the scientist is always "outside the box"?

• Skinner, in this case.

• How does Dr. Skinner know he wasn't manipulated to define the box just as he had?

• How can Skinner put forth any theory as TRUE when, by his definition, he came to these conclusions not based on evidence and observation, but my mechanics.

• • Perhaps it was meant for him not to see outside of the box and he had no choice in the manner.
    
• Presuming, just for a minute, if Determinism were absolutely true.
  Would this statement change anything?
  
  • We don't know what is determined, so we might as well not be.

• Pride

• The Science of ME.

• On what evidence do you think this is based?

• Do we have more horse's characteristics and less of a dog's?

• They were doing about the same thing. China too. Killing off their expendables.

• Stalin headed a Communist country which had same philosophy as the liberal press.

• Accurate or an opinion?

• Ever heard of "Gravitas"?

• New York Times can produce a misleading article on the front page, and then later run a retraction buried deep in the paper in small print.

• Run a poll and then the Poll is news.

• Some celebrities are only celebrities because the media treats them as such.

• Economic example:

• Haven't we already arrived at manipulation?

• The book obviously written in 70's
  • Inflation was big killer until Ronald Reagan in the 80s.
  • Influenced perception.

• Not to say there still isn't a huge problem with populist.

• How long we can produce wealth is US to keep buying support is questionable?

• Not to say China isn't putting the moves on the world in a very subtle way - imagination.

• US & Southwest going same way with Mexico.

• If people Integrate into the common culture, fine.

• If multiculturalism continues, then later one culture will ascend and the other will be repressed.

• Terrorism

• UN or World Order

• Is it American to believe we should be subservient to a World Order?

• Author is gripped with same pessimism he has seen in so many philosophers.

• Doing what seems to work without regard to right, wrong, or principles.

• Involvement of Religion in politics in our US History
• Most Christian country in the world
• Can we separate moral and political views?
• Religion 1st Political institutions
• Religion Society
  • Pushed America into Revolution
  • Great Awakening
  • Who?
  • 3 hr Sermon
  • 10+ years before Revolution
  • Evangelistic preachers supported Revolution as how?
    • Higher calling
    • Duty
• Christian --> Slavery was a sin
  • Theodore Walls
  • Abolitionist candidate
  • Christianity into politics
  • Republican Party was born in this revival
• Temperance Movement
  • Probation Movement
  • Women Christian Temperance Movement
• Social Gospel Movement
  • Christianity and Democratic Party
  • Immigration
  • Walter Rostenbushe - Preacher
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Created Greed and Exploited working class
  • Christians create a just Social Order
  • Unions
  • Minimum Wage
  • Child Labor Laws
  • Social Insurance
  • Secular world against these Christian Standards
  • Revival and Alter call these Christian Standards to Democratic Party